Chemical sprays like pepper spray and tear gas incapacitate an attacker temporarily by causing irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory system.
These create a loud sound (usually over 120 dB) to scare off an attacker and alert others nearby.
Deliver an electric shock that can disorient or temporarily disable an attacker, allowing time to escape.
Includes tools like tactical pens, keychain kubotans, and portable batons designed for quick, defensive strikes.
Apps and gadgets that connect to phones, smartwatches, or GPS trackers for emergency alerts and location sharing.